Chapter 9 is about the philosophical foundations of American education. A variety of different philosophies were introduced such as: Perennialism, which is delivered primarily from the writings of Plato, views truth and nature- in particular, human nature as constant, objective, and unchanging. Essentialism is a uniquely American philosophy of education that began in the 1930s and 1940s as a reaction to what was seen as an overemphasis on a child-centered approach to educate and concern that students were not gaining appropriate and adequate knowledge in schools.
I found these two philosophies to be very interesting being that with perennialism I too believe that students should be taught with a hint of a classical aspect to the material. I have personally seen that discipline knowledge can be taught through subjects such as history, mathematics, language, science, and the arts. In the essentialism philosophy I agree that students must lean the appropriate material and knowledge in school in order to be successful in life.
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